44 The Chart
CHAPTER 44
THE CHART.THE CHART: Vincent shows that Melville’s source for most of this chapter is Charles Wilkes's United States Exploring Expedition; see The Trying-Out of Moby-Dick.
Had you followed Captain Ahab down into his cabin after the squall that took place on the night succeeding that wild ratification of his purpose with his crew, you would have seen him go to a locker in the transom, and bringing out a large wrinkled roll of yellowish sea charts, spread them before him on his screwed-down table. Then seating himself before it, you would have seen him intently study the various lines and shadings which there met his eye; and with slow but steady pencil trace additional courses over spaces that before were blank. At intervals, he would refer to piles of old log-books beside him, wherein were set down the seasons and places in which, on various former voyages of various ships, sperm whales had been captured or seen.
While thus employed, the heavy pewter lamp suspended in chains over his head, continually rocked with the motion of the ship, and for ever threw shifting gleams and shadows of lines upon his wrinkled brow, till it almost seemed that while he himself was marking out lines and courses on the wrinkled charts, some invisible pencil was also tracing lines and courses upon the deeply marked chart of his forehead.
But it was not this night in particular that, in the solitude of his cabin, Ahab thus pondered over his charts. Almost every night they were brought out; almost every night some pencil marks were effaced, and others were substituted. For with the charts of all four oceans before him, Ahab was threading a maze of currents and eddies, with a view to the more certain accomplishment of that monomaniac thought of his soul.
Now, to any one not fully acquainted with the ways of the leviathans, it might seem an absurdly hopeless task thus to seek out one solitary creature in the unhoopedunhooped: Uncontained, by analogy to the hoops on barrels. oceans of this planet. But not so did it seem to Ahab, who knew the sets of all tides and currents; and thereby calculating the driftings of the sperm whale’s foodsperm whale’s food: large deep-water squid.; and, also, calling to mind the regular, ascertained seasons for hunting him in particular latitudes; could arrive at reasonable surmises, almost approaching to certainties, concerning the timeliest day to be upon this or that ground in search of his prey.
So assured, indeed, is the fact concerning the periodicalness of the sperm whale’s resorting to given waters, that many hunters believe that, could he be closely observed and studied throughout the world; were the logs for one voyage of the entire whale fleet carefully collated, then the migrations of the sperm whale would be found to correspond in invariability to those of the herring-shoals or the flights of swallows. On this hint, attempts have been made to construct elaborate migratory charts of the sperm whale.*
Besides, when making a passage from one feeding-ground to another, the sperm whales, guided by some infallible instinct—say, rather, secret intelligence from the Deity—mostly swim in veins, as they are called; continuing their way along a given ocean-line with such undeviating exactitude, that no ship ever sailed her course, by any chart, with one tithetithe: typically a ten-percent religious tax or pledge, but here simply one-tenth. of such marvellous precision. Though, in these cases, the direction taken by any one whale be straight as a surveyor’s parallel, and though the line of advance be strictly confined to its own unavoidable, straight wake, yet the arbitrary vein in which at these times he is said to swim, generally embraces some few miles in width (more or less, as the vein is presumed to expand or contract); but never exceeds the visual sweep from the whale-ship’s mast-heads, when circumspectly gliding along this magic zone. The sum is, that at particular seasons within that breadth and
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* [Melville's Note] Since the above was written, the statement is happily borne out by an official circular, issued by Lieutenant Mauryan official circular, issued by Lieutenant Maury: Oceanographer, and Director of the Naval Observatory Matthew Fontaine Maury (1806-1873); the circular has not been found, but a version of its contents appears in Maury's 1854 Explanations and Sailing Directions to Accompany the Wind and Current Charts., of the National Observatory, Washington, April 16th, 1851. By that circular, it appears that precisely such a chart is in course of completion; and portions of it are presented in the circular. “This chart divides the ocean into districts of five degrees of latitude by five degrees of longitude; perpendicularly through each of which districts are twelve columns for the twelve months; and horizontally through each of which districts are three lines; one to show the number of days that have been spent in each month in every district, and the two others to show the number of days in which whales, sperm or right, have been seen.”
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along that path, migrating whales may with great confidence be looked for.
And hence not only at substantiated times, upon well known separate feeding-grounds, could Ahab hope to encounter his prey; but in crossing the widest expanses of water between those grounds he could, by his art, so place and time himself on his way, as even then not to be wholly without prospect of a meeting.
There was a circumstance which at first sight seemed to entangle his delirious but still methodical scheme. But not so in the reality, perhaps. Though the gregarious sperm whales have their regular seasons for particular grounds, yet in general you cannot conclude that the herds which haunted such and such a latitude or longitude this year, say, will turn out to be identically the same with those that were found there the preceding season; though there are peculiar and unquestionable instances where the contrary of this has proved true. In general, the same remark, only within a less wide limit, applies to the solitaries and hermits among the matured, aged sperm whales. So that though Moby Dick had in a former year been seen, for example, on what is called the SeychelleSeychelle ground: the whaling waters near the Seychelle Islands, northeast of Madagascar. ground in the Indian ocean, or Volcano BayVolcano Bay: Most likely Kagoshima Bay below Japan's still-active volcano, Mt. Sakurajima. on the Japanese Coast; yet it did not follow, that were the Pequod to visit either of those spots at any subsequent corresponding season, she would infallibly encounter him there. So, too, with some other feeding grounds, where he had at times revealed himself. But all these seemed only his casual stopping-places and ocean-inns, so to speak, not his places of prolonged abode. And where Ahab’s chances of accomplishing his object have hitherto been spoken of, allusion has only been made to whatever way-side, antecedent, extra prospects were his, ere a particular set time or place were attained, when all possibilities would become probabilities, and, as Ahab fondlyfondly: foolishly. thought, every possibility the next thing to a certaintywhen all possibilities would become probabilities, and, as Ahab fondly thought, every possibility the next thing to a certainty.: The editors of the NN Moby-Dick find a problem in the logic of these statements. As it stands in both the American and British editions, the idea is that, theoretically, when Ahab reaches a certain “set time or place,” the possibility of finding Moby Dick becomes a probability, and that, in Ahab’s mind, such a possibility is actually a certainty. In other words, Ahab "fondly," that is, foolishly redefines the notion of possibility to match his point of view. However, the NN editors argue that Melville intended a graduated, logical progression in the statements rather than a vaulting redefinition, and they revised the word “possibility” to “probability” so that in the first clause, possibilities become probabilities, and in the second (via Ahab’s mentality) “probability” becomes “the next thing to a certainty.” The NN version significantly alters meaning. Whereas Melville’s original wording reveals an Ahab so certain of his chartings that he can make, in his mind, a near certainty out of mere possibility, the NN revision renders Ahab’s logical leap much smaller, from a probability to near certainty. Because there is no reason to think Melville’s original wording violates logic or requires correction, MEL makes no change.. That particular set time and place were conjoined in the one technical phrase—the Season-on-the-LineSeason-on-the-Line: the best time for whaling along the Equator (“the Line”) in the Pacific.. For there and then, for several consecutive years, Moby Dick had been periodically descried, lingering in those waters for awhile, as the sun, in its annual round, loiters for a predicted interval in any one sign of the Zodiacloiters . . . in any one sign of the Zodiac: A narrow belt of sky in which the sun, moon, and planets seem to rise and set, the zodiac is traditionally divided into twelve sectors, each related to a constellation and an astrological sign. As the earth moves around the sun, the line-up of constellations also appears to move every night, so that over the course of a month one constellation rises along the zodiacal belt (visible in the night sky), and another sets (becoming invisible because of daylight). From this daytime perspective, it may be said, astronomically, that during each month the sun obscures a particular constellation, or, astrologically, that the sun inhabits the “house” of that constellation’s “sign,” or, in Ishmael’s terms, the sun “loiters for a predicted interval in any one sign of the Zodiac.” In Ch. 99, Stubb uses the zodiac in his reading of the doubloon.. There it was, too, that most of the deadly encounters with the white whale had taken place; there the waves were storied with his deeds; there also was that tragic spot where the monomaniac old man had found the awful motive to his vengeance. But in the cautious comprehensiveness and unloitering vigilance with which Ahab threw his brooding soul into this unfaltering hunt, he would not permit himself to rest all his hopes upon the one crowning fact above mentioned, however flattering it might be to those hopes; nor in the sleeplessness of his vow could he so tranquillize his unquiet heart as to postpone all intervening quest.
Now, the Pequod had sailed from Nantucket at the very beginning of the Season-on-the-Line. No possible endeavor then could enable her commander to make the great passage southwards, double Cape Horn, and then running down sixty degrees of latituderunning down sixty degrees of latitude: sailing "down," that is, north in the Pacific for 60 degrees from Cape Horn toward the Equator. arrive in the equatorial Pacific in time to cruise there. Therefore, he must wait for the next ensuing season. Yet the premature hour of the Pequod’s sailing had, perhaps, been covertly selected by Ahab, with a view to this very complexion of things. Because, an interval of three hundred and sixty-five days and nights was before him; an interval which, instead of impatiently enduring ashore, he would spend in a miscellaneous hunt; if by chance the White Whale, spending his vacation in seas far remote from his periodical feeding-grounds, should turn up his wrinkled brow off the Persian GulfPersian Gulf: Also called the Arabian Gulf and accessed from the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf is a 615-mile long sea bordered by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Quatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates., or in the Bengal BayBengal Bay: The sea-like Bay of Bengal on the northern Indian Ocean is bordered by India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Indonesia., or China Seas, or in any other waters haunted by his race. So that Monsoons, Pampas, Nor-Westers, Harmattans, Trades; any wind but the Levanter and SimoomMonsoons, Pampas, . . . Harmattans, Trades; . . . Levanter and Simoom: The Monsoon is a rainy, periodic wind of the Indian Ocean; Pampa is the cold wind of Argentina’s pampas (prairies); and Harmattan is the dusty wind on the northwest coast of Africa. The Trades are continuous tropic winds toward the equator from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and southeast in the Southern Hemisphere. Levanter is the strong, easterly wind of the Mediterranean; and Simoom, a hot, sandy wind from the Sahara and Arabian deserts., might blow Moby Dick into the devious zig-zag world-circle of the Pequod’s circumnavigating wake.
But granting all this; yet, regarded discreetly and coolly, seems it not but a mad idea, this; that in the broad boundless ocean, one solitary whale, even if encountered, should be thought capable of individual recognition from his hunter, even as a white-bearded MuftiMufti: official interpreter of Islamic law. in the thronged thoroughfares of ConstantinopleConstantinople: Now Istanbul, it is Turkey’s cultural center and Europe’s most populous city.? YesYes.: Ishmael asks a question, answers it with "Yes" and a follow-up sentence, and then slips into Ahab’s interior monologue. Later in the paragraph, with the sentence beginning “And here,” Ishmael returns to observe Ahab, but with his invocation beginning “Ah, God!” Ishmael provides an interior monologue of his own. Thus, in navigating through two minds, the narration shows Ishmael's affinity for Ahab's consciousness. But Ishmael’s "Yes" in answer to his own question poses problems. The question asks whether trying to find “one solitary whale” in the ocean is madness. In both American and British editions, Ishmael answers “Yes.” However, the follow-up sentence, beginning with “For the peculiar snow-white brow of Moby Dick,” tells us that Moby Dick’s whiteness is “unmistakable,” clearly implying that finding this particular whale in the vast ocean is not madness. Either Melville intended to have Ishmael say “Yes. But . . .” or “No. For . . .” Neither he nor his British editor caught the inadequate “Yes. For . . .” combination. The NN edition changes “Yes” to “No”; but The Longman and MEL editions make no change.. For the peculiar snow-white brow of Moby Dick, and his snow-white hump, could not but be unmistakable. And have I not talliedtallied: added up; a method of recording debts. the whale, Ahab would mutter to himself, as after poring over his charts till long after midnight he would throw himself back in reveries—tallied him, and shall he escape? His broad fins are bored, and scalloped outscalloped out: where the identity tag was torn off. like a lost sheep’s ear! And here, his mad mind would run on in a breathless race; till a weariness and faintness of pondering came over him; and in the open air of the deck he would seek to recover his strength. Ah, God! what trances of torments does that man endure who is consumed with one unachieved revengeful desire. He sleeps with clenched hands; and wakes with his own bloody nails in his palms.
Often, when forced from his hammock by exhausting and intolerably vivid dreams of the night, which, resuming his own intense thoughts through the day, carried them on amid a clashing of phrensies, and whirled them round and round in his blazing brain, till the very throbbing of his life-spot became insufferable anguish; and when, as was sometimes the case, these spiritual throes in him heaved his being up from its base, and a chasm seemed opening in him, from which forked flames and lightnings shot up, and accursed fiends beckoned him to leap down among them; when this hell in himselfthis hell in himself: the phrase echoes Sir Thomas Browne's "I feel sometimes a hell within myself” (Religio Medici, Part 1, Sec. 51), which Melville read in his copy of Sir Thomas Browne's Works. See also Satan’s “myself am Hell” in Milton's Paradise Lost (IV, 75) and the note on "damned in the midst of Paradise" in Ch. 37. In more exuberant lines that nevertheless resonate with Ahab's condition, Whitman wrote of "the fire, the sweet hell within / The unknown want, the destiny of me" in his 1860 "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking." yawned beneath him, a wild cry would be heard through the ship; and with glaring eyes Ahab would burst from his state room, as though escaping from a bed that was on fire. Yet these, perhaps, instead of being the unsuppressable symptoms of some latent weakness, or fright at his own resolve, were but the plainest tokens of its intensity. For, at such times, crazy Ahab, the scheming, unappeasedly steadfast hunter of the white whale; this Ahab that had gone to his hammock, was not the agent that so caused him to burst from it in horror again. The latter was the eternal, living principle or soul in him; and in sleep, being for the time dissociated from the characterizing mind, which at other times employed it for its outer vehicle or agent, it spontaneously sought escape from the scorching contiguity of the frantic thing, of which, for the time, it was no longer an integral. But as the mind does not exist unless leagued with the soul, therefore it must have been that, in Ahab’s case, yielding up all his thoughts and fancies to his one supreme purpose; that purpose, by its own sheer inveteracy of will, forced itself against gods and devils into a kind of self-assumed, independent being of its own. Nay, could grimly live and burn, while the common vitality to which it was conjoined, fled horror-stricken from the unbidden and unfathered birthREVISION NARRATIVE: unbidden and unfathered birth // Perhaps the most laughable typo in the British edition is the alteration of “unfathered birth” to unfeathered birth,” which conjures up the image of Ahab as a plucked fowl. The absurd image could not be more poorly placed, as it ruins the serious tone of Ahab’s desperate night terrors. The change is doubly unfortunate for, despite its unintended absurdity, the association with an unfledged or new-born bird still lacking flight feathers is plausible enough so that British readers might not recognize it as an error. Moreover, those finding it odd would not readily guess at the intended spelling, “unfathered birth,” which, among mammals, is unlikely. To compare American and British pages, click the thumbnails in the right margin.. Therefore, the tormented spirit that glared out of bodily eyes, when what seemed Ahab rushed from his room, was for the time but a vacated thing, a formless somnambulisticsomnambulistic: sleep-walking. being, a ray of living light, to be sure, but without an object to color, and therefore a blankness in itself. God help thee, old man, thy thoughts have created a creature in thee; and he whose intense thinking thus makes him a PrometheusPrometheus: The titan in Greek mythology who stole fire from the gods and gave it to humans. As punishment, Zeus chained him to a rock for eternity: each day, an eagle or vulture ate his liver, and each day his liver grew back. Compare Ahab in Ch. 134: “like a hawk’s beak it pecks my brain.” Just before writing Moby-Dick, Melville read Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus, in the introduction of which Shelley wrote, “Jupiter punished the temerity of the Titan by chaining him to a rock . . . and causing a vulture to devour his still-renewed heart.” (See Ch. 108 for Prometheus as man-maker, another of his roles in Greek myth. See "complete man" also in Ch. 108 and "unparticipated grief" in Ch. 119.); a vulture feeds upon that heart for ever; that vulture the very creature he creates.